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Gain insights into the Romania higher education framework, academic culture, teaching methods, and grading system to prepare for your studies.
3-4 years
The first cycle of higher education, providing fundamental knowledge and skills in a chosen field. Typically 180-240 ECTS credits.
1-2 years
The second cycle of higher education, building upon Bachelor's studies with advanced specialization and research. Typically 60-120 ECTS credits.
3-4 years
The third cycle of higher education, focused on original scientific research and the development of a doctoral thesis. Leads to the title of Doctor (Dr.).
Varies (typically 1-2 years)
Includes various specialized programs such as postgraduate training, continuous professional development, and residency programs in medicine, not leading to a traditional degree but offering advanced qualifications.
The Romania higher education system features distinct degree levels with structured academic progression
The Romania higher education system stands out for its flexibility and diverse institutional types. Understanding this structure helps international students navigate their academic options and pathways.
The primary type of higher education institution in Romania, offering a wide range of academic programs across all three cycles (Licență, Master, Doctorat). They are research-oriented and often have multiple faculties.
•Offer Licență, Master, and Doctorat programs.
•Strong emphasis on scientific research and academic development.
Specialized higher education institutions, often focusing on specific fields like military, police, or arts. They offer degree programs across all cycles, similar to universities, but with a narrower scope.
•Specialized focus (e.g., military, police, arts, economic studies).
•Offer Licență, Master, and Doctorat programs within their specialized domains.
These are less common now, as many have been integrated into larger universities. Historically, they offered specialized programs, often at the Bachelor's level, in technical or vocational fields.
•Historically focused on specific technical or vocational fields.
•Primarily offered Licență programs.
While the term 'Colegii Universitare' was previously used for shorter, post-secondary vocational programs, the current system primarily integrates these into the Licență cycle within universities. Some specialized colleges might still exist for specific vocational training.
•Historically offered shorter, vocational higher education programs.
•Often focused on practical skills and immediate employment.
The first academic degree awarded in the Romanian higher education system. It provides a broad foundation in a chosen field and prepares students for entry-level professional roles or further Master's studies. The standard duration is 3 years (180 ECTS) for most fields, and 4 years (240 ECTS) for fields like engineering, law, and some arts.
The second cycle degree, designed for advanced specialization and research. It deepens knowledge acquired at the Bachelor's level and often includes a significant research component leading to a Master's thesis. The duration is typically 2 years (120 ECTS) for most fields, and 1 year (60 ECTS) for some specific professional or interdisciplinary programs.
The highest academic degree, focused on original scientific research and the creation of new knowledge. Doctoral candidates work under the supervision of a scientific advisor, conduct independent research, and defend a doctoral thesis. The duration is typically 3 years for full-time studies, extendable to 4 years.
These are long-cycle programs, primarily in fields like Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Architecture, where the Bachelor's and Master's cycles are integrated into a single, continuous program. Upon completion, students receive a qualification equivalent to both a Bachelor's and a Master's degree.
The Romanian higher education system is known for its interactive teaching style, emphasis on critical thinking, and student participation. Understanding these approaches will help you adapt quickly and succeed in your academic journey.
These are large-group sessions where the professor delivers theoretical content, often using presentations. While primarily one-way communication, some professors encourage questions during or after the lecture.
Typically held in large auditoriums or lecture halls.
Focus on foundational knowledge and theoretical frameworks.
Attendance is often mandatory and can contribute to a participation grade.
Smaller, interactive sessions designed to deepen understanding of lecture topics through discussions, problem-solving, and practical exercises. These are crucial for active learning and application of concepts.
Smaller group sizes (15-30 students) facilitating interaction.
Emphasis on student participation, presentations, and group work.
Often involve case studies, debates, or practical assignments related to the 'curs'.
Hands-on practical sessions, particularly common in science, engineering, and medical fields. Students conduct experiments, analyze data, and develop practical skills under supervision.
Direct application of theoretical knowledge in a practical setting.
Often require pre-lab preparation and post-lab reports.
Safety protocols are strictly enforced, and attendance is mandatory.
Assignments that require students to research, develop, and present a specific topic or solution. These foster independent learning, teamwork, and presentation skills.
Encourage critical thinking and problem-solving.
Often culminate in a written report and/or an oral presentation.
Can be interdisciplinary, requiring collaboration across different fields of study.
Romanian academic culture tends to promote approachable relationships between professors and students. Professors are generally accessible and students are encouraged to engage with them during office hours or via email.
Romanian higher education emphasizes critical thinking, independent research, and application of knowledge rather than rote memorization. Assessment methods are diversified.
Understanding the Romania grading system is essential for international students. The system uses a numerical scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest and 5 being the lowest passing grade. This system may differ significantly from systems in other countries, particularly those using letter grades or different numerical ranges.
| Letter Grade | Percentage | GPA | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 (Excelent) | 90-100% | 4 | Outstanding performance, demonstrating comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, critical thinking, and exceptional analytical skills. Equivalent to an 'A' in many systems. |
| 9 (Foarte Bine) | 80-89% | 3.5 | Very good performance, showing a strong grasp of concepts and ability to apply knowledge effectively. Equivalent to an 'A-' or 'B+'. |
| 8 (Bine) | 70-79% | 3 | Good performance, indicating solid understanding of the core material and satisfactory application of knowledge. Equivalent to a 'B'. |
| 7 (Satisfăcător) | 60-69% | 2.5 | Satisfactory performance, meeting most course requirements but with some areas needing improvement. Equivalent to a 'C+'. |
| 6 (Suficient) | 55-59% | 2 | Sufficient performance, demonstrating a basic understanding of the material to pass the course. Equivalent to a 'C'. |
| 5 (Minim de Trecere) | 50-54% | 1 | The lowest passing grade, indicating minimal acceptable understanding of the course material. Equivalent to a 'D'. |
| 4 (Insuficient) | 40-49% | 0 | Failing grade, indicating insufficient understanding of the course material. Requires re-examination or retaking the course. |
| 1-3 (Insuficient) | 0-39% | 0 | Failing grade, indicating a complete lack of understanding or engagement with the course material. Requires re-examination or retaking the course. |
Romanian universities grade from 1 to 10, and 5 is the lowest pass. Your average grade (media) is worked out with ECTS credits. Some universities also show a 4.0-scale average for students abroad.
GPA = Total Grade Points ÷ Total Credit Hours
- Multiply each course's credit hours by the grade points for the letter grade received
- Add all these products together to get total grade points
- Divide by the total number of credit hours attempted
Microeconomie: 6 credits, grade 9 (Foarte Bine) = 21 grade points
Drept Civil: 8 credits, grade 8 (Bine) = 24 grade points
Limba Engleză: 4 credits, grade 10 (Excelent) = 16 grade points
Total Grade Points: 61
Total Credits: 18
Semester GPA: 61 ÷ 18 = 3.39
Summa Cum Laude
GPA: 9.50 - 10.00 (or 3.90 - 4.00 on 4.0 scale)
Awarded to students with exceptional academic performance, typically the top 1-2% of the graduating class, demonstrating outstanding scholarly achievement.
Magna Cum Laude
GPA: 9.00 - 9.49 (or 3.70 - 3.89 on 4.0 scale)
Awarded to students with superior academic performance, typically the top 5-10% of the graduating class, showing significant scholarly merit.
Cum Laude
GPA: 8.50 - 8.99 (or 3.50 - 3.69 on 4.0 scale)
Awarded to students with excellent academic performance, typically the top 10-15% of the graduating class, indicating commendable scholarly achievement.
| Designation | Meaning | Effect on GPA |
|---|---|---|
| Restanță | Failed course, requiring re-examination (restanță) or retaking the course (reînmatriculare). | A grade of 4 or below (Insuficient) is recorded. This grade is included in GPA calculation until successfully passed. If passed on re-examination, the new passing grade replaces the failing one for GPA calculation. |
| Reexaminare | Opportunity to retake an exam for a failed course, usually offered at the end of the semester or during the summer session. | If the re-examination is passed, the new grade (minimum 5) replaces the previous failing grade in GPA calculation. If failed again, the 'Insuficient' grade persists. |
| Credite ECTS | European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System credits, used to measure student workload. | Credits are essential for GPA calculation, as GPA is weighted by the number of ECTS credits for each course. They do not directly affect the numerical grade but determine its weight in the overall average. |
| Exmatriculat | Expelled from the university, often due to academic failure (multiple failed courses/restanțe) or disciplinary reasons. | Results in termination of studies and no further GPA calculation. Previous GPA remains on record. |
| Întrerupere Studii | Temporary suspension of studies, usually for personal, medical, or financial reasons. | No new grades are recorded during the interruption. The last calculated GPA remains valid. Students typically resume studies from where they left off. |
While the grading system described above is standard across most Romania institutions, some variations may exist:
Some technical universities might have slightly different internal weighting for practical work vs. theoretical exams.
Medical universities often have very strict passing thresholds and cumulative exams that cover multiple years of study.
Certain private universities may implement a hybrid grading system, sometimes offering letter grade equivalents alongside the 1-10 scale for international students.
If a university or employer abroad asks for a 4.0-scale average, ask your university how it converts grades.
Understanding the Romania academic calendar structure is essential for planning your studies, travel, and activities throughout the year. The vast majority of Romanian universities operate on a semester system.
Mid-September to Mid-February (approx. 14-16 weeks of classes + exam period)
Starts with the official opening of the academic year. Includes a teaching period, followed by a winter holiday break (usually 2-3 weeks around Christmas and New Year), and then an exam session in January-February.
Late February to Mid-July (approx. 14-16 weeks of classes + exam period)
Begins shortly after the first semester's exam session. Includes a teaching period, a short spring holiday (around Easter), and then an exam session in June-July. Summer break follows.
Late August to Mid-September (approx. 2-3 weeks)
This is a crucial period for students who failed exams during the regular sessions. It's an opportunity to retake exams and clear academic debts before the new academic year begins.
Each semester typically consists of 14-16 weeks of lectures and seminars, followed by a 3-4 week examination period. Practical training (practică) or internships may be integrated into semesters or take place during summer breaks, depending on the program.
July to September (variable, 2-8 weeks)
This period is dedicated to gaining practical experience relevant to the field of study. The duration and timing are highly dependent on the specific faculty and study program.
The Romania higher education system operates on the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS), which measures academic workload and progress toward a degree.
Credit definition:
Unlike many countries with centralized education ministries, Romania relies on a robust system of accreditation to maintain quality standards in higher education. Understanding this system is crucial for international students to verify the legitimacy and recognition of their chosen institution and program.
Accreditation in Romania is a mandatory, continuous process that ensures educational institutions and their programs meet specific national quality standards. It serves several important functions:
Accreditation in Romania, primarily managed by ARACIS, ensures that higher education institutions and study programs meet national quality standards for teaching, research, infrastructure, and student services. This guarantees a certain level of educational quality and relevance.
Accredited institutions in Romania operate within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and utilize the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS). This facilitates the recognition and transfer of credits between accredited Romanian institutions and other EHEA universities, crucial for student mobility.
Degrees and diplomas issued by accredited Romanian higher education institutions are legally recognized nationally and internationally, particularly within the European Union. This recognition is vital for employment, further studies, and professional licensing.
While direct financial aid for international students from the Romanian state is limited, only students enrolled in accredited institutions and programs are eligible for any potential national scholarships, grants, or student loans that might become available, as well as for visa purposes.
In Romania, higher education institutions undergo a two-stage process: 'Provisional Authorization' (Autorizare Provizorie) for new institutions or programs, followed by 'Accreditation' (Acreditare). Only accredited institutions can issue legally recognized diplomas. The primary body responsible for this is ARACIS.
Major Regional Accreditors:
Beyond basic accreditation, Romanian universities are also categorized by the Ministry of Education based on their educational and research focus (e.g., 'universities of advanced research and education', 'universities of education and scientific research', 'universities of education'). This categorization, while not a direct accreditation, reflects a higher level of quality and performance.
This type of accreditation applies to specific programs, departments, or schools within an institution, particularly in specialized fields, ensuring they meet professional standards. ARACIS also conducts programmatic accreditation.
Before applying to a Romanian institution, international students should verify its accreditation status and that of their chosen program using the following official resources:
The Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ARACIS) maintains the definitive public register of all provisionally authorized and accredited higher education institutions and study programs in Romania. This is the primary source for verification.
The Ministry of Education's website often publishes official lists, methodological norms, and decisions regarding the establishment, provisional authorization, and accreditation of higher education institutions and programs. While ARACIS is the direct source, the Ministry's site can provide complementary official information.
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